ACBSについて
http://contextualpsychology.org/
こういうページがありまして
the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
というものです
肝心のCBSについては
Contextual Behavioral Science (CBS) is the research paradigm underlying the development of ACT and RFT. It is a coherent, multi-leveled system of philosophical assumptions, scientific values, and methodological commitments which drive theory and technology development. It reflects an appreciation for our place in the history of science, and sets standards against which progressivity is assessed. What becomes clear from the history of science is that there is no such thing as The Scientific Method, and no one measure of scientific progress. In such a context, it is essential to take ownership of the foundations of your work, as we aim to do in CBS.
Science is a relatively recent development in our evolutionary history, and for much of it, methodology was guided by sets of assumptions which would now seem absurd to us. Up until the mid to late 17th century, for example, scientists in the Western world were committed to maintaining theories which placed the Earth at the center of the universe (Kuhn, 1957). Amazingly, such systems enjoyed a great deal of success. Perhaps scientists of the future will look back upon 21st century science, and see our work as similarly absurd and inexplicably successful. Studying the history of science can indeed be rather humbling. Weren’t those early 17th century scientists just as certain about their methods as we are about ours?
A healthy skepticism about science does not entail that no measure of progress is possible. Instead, it leads us to recognize that we must choose a measure of progress. We must choose a scientific tradition to work within. And, we must take ownership of these choices. For, the world will not tell us which path to follow. CBS is one such path, complete with its own values, and measures of progress. A few papers have been written which begin to explicate this system, and more are on the way. For a basic introduction, it is useful to understand the following points (click each one for more information).
CBS:
- Is based on a pragmatic worldview known as functional contextualism.
- Grows from behavior analysis in its methodology and assumptions.
- Is committed to developing basic behavioral accounts of complex behaviors.
- Aims to apply these advances in the alleviation human suffering and the advancement of human well-being.
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
この中でACTに関しては以下のような解説がある
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is a powerful new psychotherapy based on
cutting-edge research into how the human mind works. It has been clinically proven
to be successful in a wide range of psychological problems. (The unusual name of this
therapy comes from one of its key themes: Learn how to accept those things that are out
of your control, and commit to changing those things that can be changed to make your
life better.) This is a very active therapy. It’s not one of those therapies where we just
talk about your problems. It’s a therapy in which you actively learn new skills to improve
your quality of life.
We have two basic aims in this therapy:
One aim is to help you create a rich, full and meaningful life. To do that, we’ll need to
spend some time talking about what you really want out of life; what’s important and
meaningful to you, deep in your heart. We call this ‘clarifying your values’. Values are
your heart’s deepest desires for what you want to do and how you want to be during
your short time on this planet. Then, using that information as a guide, we’ll look at how
you can set goals and take action to change your life for the better - and in the process,
develop a sense of meaning, purpose and vitality.
Our other aim is to teach you a set of skills that will allow you to handle painful thoughts
and feelings far more effectively, in such a way that they have much less impact and
influence over you. We call these skills ‘mindfulness skills’. Mindfulness is a mental
state of awareness, openness, and focus. In a state of mindfulness, painful thoughts and
feelings have much less impact on us. In a state of mindfulness, we can effectively handle
even the most difficult feelings, urges, memories, thoughts and sensations – and as we
learn to do so, we can break self-defeating habits or destructive patterns of behaviour;
let go of self-defeating beliefs; rise beyond our fears, and change our attitude in life-
enhancing ways.
A key part of this therapy will involve you learning those mindfulness skills in the
session, and then taking them home and practicing them in between sessions. The more
you practice, the more benefits you’ll get – and vice-versa. What this means is, that in
some sessions we will actually need to bring up some of those painful thoughts, feelings,
memories, sensations and urges during the session - so you can practice using these
new skills to handle them better. Because of this, at times this therapy may be very
challenging. However at all times we will be working collaboratively, as equal team-
players – so you will never be pushed or coerced into anything you are unwilling to do.
It’s always hard to know how many sessions this will take. A good rule of thumb is to
commit to six sessions, and then on session six, we’ll take stock, see how you’re going,
and see if you need any more. If you find that you don’t need that many sessions, that’s
fine too. Also, we have to be realistic; no therapy works for everyone, so if this approach
doesn’t seem right for you, or you’re not happy with the way it’s progressing, it is easy to
refer you on to colleagues who have different approaches.
誰が本当のミッキーマウスを知っているか
私たち人間はすべてを経験することはできない
世界の一部を体験するだけだ
それはちょうど点だけを知り
それを想像力でつないで線にして
さらに想像力で面にして
さらに想像力で色をつけて
そのようにしてミッキーマウスを知ることに似ている
私たちはディズニーランドで
ミッキーマウスを体験するのだけれど
自分が体験したミッキーマウスの体験の質ははたして本当に
ミッキーマウスの本質なのだろうかと
いつも疑問がある
視力にも聴力にも差があり
色彩感覚にも差があり
感覚の背景となる経験にも差があり
それでもやはり
あの時のミッキーマウスは可愛かったとか
あの時ミッキーをぎゅっと抱きしめて感激だったとか
語り合い通じ合うことはやはり不思議だ
ーーーーー
そのように共通の世界観を維持できるのはなぜだろう
ひとつには人間の本能が壊れていて
壊れている部分に学習により文化が埋め込まれるからだろう
もうひとつには
なかなか精密な複写装置が脳の内部にあるからだろう
世界を観察する意志があるかぎり
そして自分の間違いを訂正する能力があるかぎり
脳内の世界モデルは
世界そのものに近づいてゆく
生きるための、充分に精密な程度の、複写
ーーーーー
ミッキーマウスについていえば
かなり粗雑な複写でも生きるにはさしつかえないし
話が合わなくて困ることもない
だからミッキーマウスについて精密な複写を作る能力は発達していない
ミッキーマウスは人間の食べ物でもないし人間を捕獲する者でもない
ーーーーー
たとえばミッキーマウスの絵を描いてもらう
するとたいていは似ていない
しかしたいていは多分ミッキーマウスだと知ることができる
この場面で描くものはミッキーマウスかもしれないという先回りしての推測が
前提にある
かな漢字変換で言う推測変換のようなものだ
ーーーーー
ミッキーマウスの絵を描いてもらう時
観察対象をコピーする能力とペーストする能力を同時に試していることになる
たいていの人は
自分の描いたミッキーマウスが本物に似ていないと嘆く
コピーはできているのだけれども
ペーストができないと嘆いているのだ
しかしはたして本当にそうなのだろうか
人間が自分はコピーは出来ると思うのは当然である
自分が見たものしかコピーしないからだ
しかし見たものという時点ですでに歪曲がある
客観的実在そのものと
自分が見たものとの差を感知することができない
ーーーーー
絵画を鑑賞する場合
たとえばピカソのコピー能力とペースト能力を鑑賞しているのだけれども
ピカソのコピー能力がどういうもので
ピカソのペースト能力がどういうものか
知ることができるだろうか
http://konkokoro.exblog.jp/4157207/
さらに音楽の場合は
モーツアルト的変換装置を知ることができるだろうか
http://konkokoro.exblog.jp/4169007/
見るときに我々は自分の見方で見ることしかできない
その限りない制約をどのようにして超えることができるだろうか
まあ、超える必要もないのだけれど
ーーーーー
我々が認識しているのは点だけであり
点ををつないで線にして
さらに面にして彩色して
それを認識している
それを相貌化作用という
壁のシミが人間の顔に見えてしまう力である
